Competency Based Education

Programs accountability

It is needed that educational leader can run educational process consistently. He can improve education and enhance accountability. For this purpose he can take following measures or steps:

1. Prepare record for accountability of teacher’s training and student’s learning.
2. He can create standards for educational program and prepare records for it.
3. He can demonstrate his knowledge and competencies to develop an improvement plan for continuous development of educational program.
4. He can guide the institution to meet the success and satisfy parents.
5. He can ensure the participation of others for continuous improvement of the educational programs in the institution.
6. Ensure the participation of the other expertise for the improvement of the organization.

Clear strategy for data and record

An administrator should be competent to collect different type of information, prepares documents and reports with the help of data. In this regard, he should be well versed with information and prepare the record in time. An administrator should be able to share information with others and avoid concealing the facts and information unnecessarily.

Providing resources for the improvement of educational process

It is very much essential for educational administration to provide resources because no organization can run without this. Following steps must be taken for this purpose.

1. He should assign financial responsibilities to teacher and make easy and transparent way of purchase.
2. Arrange resources for the betterment of staff and teachers educational programmed.
3. He can set the priorities for provision of allocate resources and funds for the educational programs and its implementation needs for the whole financial year.
4. He can make financial plan and budget.
5. He may ensure grants and funds from government, community and various other organizations for specific programs.
6. He must be aware of financial matters and rules and can act accordingly.

Resources for teaching

He can use resources for teaching, improve these resources and can develop comprehensive teaching program. In this respect, an administrator must be competent.

1. To ensure the availability of resources for teaching activities and facilities etc.
2. To ensure the use of modern technology skills and knowledge.
3. To use new resources, new inventions untraditional ways and research.
4. Student’s specific needs are fulfilled by him.
5. To make the subject matter unbiased and far from sectarianism.

Guidance to improve consistently teaching process and curriculum

Curriculum is the soul of teaching institution. It is provided by higher authority. The process of improvement in curriculum is essential for teaching process. In this concern, an educational leader must be competent:

1. To ensure teacher’s participation in planning and teaching program.
2. To achieve objective set for students according to educational design.
3. He can provide some innovative suggestions in teaching style, promoting culture etc.
4. To give help in best teaching.
5. He should be able to provide suggestions to adapt the curriculum according to the needs of students and nation to higher authorities. 

Evaluation and examination system

It is necessary for educational manager that he can make examination system more operative to motivate students and teachers to do more work with perseverance in order to give satisfactory results which can heighten his respect. In this way he facilitates teachers and arranges formal and informal evaluation for students. He can use assessment for the education and growth of the students. He should devise examination system according to the inspiration, needs of the nation and society and local community can depend and trust on such results of institution.

Development

It is also included in the competencies of educational administrator to encourage his teachers in developing professional attitude and behavior. To become the role model for the students and teachers, he should follow the following lines.

1. Observe policies and rules.
2. Considers individual differences.
3. Behaves teachers equally.
4. The teachers who do not show good results, lazy in their duties and unprofessional in their behavior are treated by him with harsh attitude.
5. Issue code of conduct and makes its strict observance.

Communication skills

1. When a teacher gives some new ideas, he should discuss it. Listen carefully those opinions put forward by teachers to solve problems. Then accept that idea if it is favorable for the institution.
2. Exchange views of mutual interest with the parents and communicate it to the students.
3. Issue commands and orders categorically to staff and students. Conduct a meeting with teachers to arrange, change of subject matter.
4. Assign some assignments to teachers and authorize them according to the duty or assignment.
5. He must know the art of conversation, meeting, lecture sermon and speech.

Achievement of objects regarding educational philosophy

1. Educational manager has the ability to take decision according to mission, philosophy, and objectives and can devise target groups and class according to strategy.
2. He can arrange student’s programs according to changing needs and circumstances.
3. He can plan by teacher’s advice and participation.
4. Constitute strategic plan and implement it according to long term planning.

Teachers assessment and ability to assign them task

1. He can take work from teachers according to rules and regulations and control the absenteeism.
2. Assign responsibility to teachers according to their abilities.
3. To assign, discuss new teachers, new entries in school, make them conscious about their responsibilities.
4. Prepare diaries and syllabus.
5. Give them guidance according to the skills, capabilities, specific fields.
6. Play a role of a mentor to enhance in them skills, leadership qualities.

Professional development

1. Head of school enhance teacher’s skills according to different professional models, training methods as life long practice and getting knowledge.
2. He persuades the teachers to participate in those activities which are related to their fields. Every teacher must read one book during a month related to his field.
3. Give guidance in management and leadership qualities.
4. Make teachers conscious about how to use related technology.

Staff development

1. Educational manager always enhance his own professional upbringing and arrange professional training for his staff.
2. Allocate resources for staff development arranges suitable activities and give remuneration for journey and time.
3. Face the challenges and train the staff for this.
4. Enhance the skills of teachers how to use technology and research.
5. Encourage students, staff.
6. Arrange in/pre-service training according to standards.

Community / social interaction

1. Head of school takes the assistance from different agencies, departments and social organizations.
2. Compel the community to share the school activities.
3. Become an information source for community.
4. Give cooperation to various social classes, participation and by alliances.
5. Provide useful workforce and citizens to society.
6. Educate students about Pakistan ideology and Islam.
7. Global village and geographic scenario must be inculcated into student’s minds.
8. He can promote social awareness and civic sense.
9. Give admission to children regardless of their status, and make advertisement according to rules and regulation. 

Other capabilities of educational leader

1. Leader in teaching content and methodology.
2. Provider of a fine teaching material.
3. Best manager and having best managing qualities.
4. Accept new changes.
5. Train his second line leadership for future.
6. Be a coach of students, teachers and develop their abilities.
7. Create an environment of fine morality and professionalism.
8. Use communication skills and know inter-personal communication.
9. In objectives, aims, research and evaluation seeks the best.

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Functions of Educational Administration

We described five functions of educational administration such as planning, organizing, commanding, coordination and controlling which control education system.

Planning

Planning is an intellectual activity which is performed on the basis of facts, ideas and principles. Activities are planned so that the objectives for which it has come to existence can be achieved.

Organizing

Organizing means arrangement, inter-relationship and order among people, material, procedure, knowledge and the work to be done.

Commanding

Commanding or directing involves the execution of plans and decisions and makes staff to perform their responsibilities efficiently.

Coordinating

Coordinating educational administration requires harmonizing in a unified manner all the elements involved in the programmed. It seeks the cooperation of all involved in the administration.

Relations management and administration

Management and administration are considered synonym but actually management is a whole and administration is simply a part of it. The use of word management is modern context, whereas administration is old concept.

Management is a total of four elements whereas administration is a part and based on and deals in controlling. Administrator deals with these four elements at a time in some cases. To observe them separately is difficult. Supervision and inspection are the tools by which administration do the function of controlling and directing. According to modern view management works on higher level whereas administrator supervisor and inspector lend a helping hand to management for attainment of goals.

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Principles of Educational Management

 A teacher of some school, college or university must keep all these principles in mind.

1.       Principle of sharing responsibility

This signifies that programs should be undertaken jointly by teachers and administrator with authority equally shared among those participated in the process.

2.       Principle of equality

The administrator should look upon his or her colleagues as socially equal.

3.       Principle of freedom

People are at their best when they have freedom to exercise their power and talent. The power of critical thinking to arrive at proper decisions, which essential for education, can only e cultivated in an atmosphere of freedom.

4.       Principle of justice

All will be treated on the same footing and undue favor to some will not be given. Lack of justice breeds disgust and frustration among people.

5.       Principle of recognition of individual’s effort

This signifies that it is through efforts that new ideas are formulated and put into practice and therefore, it should be given due recognition.

6.       Principle of planning

This stresses that planning that planning should grow out of the recognized needs and interests of those who are affected by plan.

7.       Principle of flexibility

Democratic administration is always prepared for a change of approach or policy in case it is satisfied that such a change will yield better.

8.       Principle of dynamics

The administration should always be forward looking and moving towards better programs and policies.

9.       Principles of human relation

In functioning of good administration depends upon the ability of the administrator to create better personal relations among people engaged in administration.

10.   Principle of maintenance of standards of efficiency

This means making all efforts to maintain and improve standards of efficiency in every phase of education.

11.   Principle of leadership

As a leader of various groups, the administrator must possess qualities of leadership so that others may follow the person.

12.   Principle of appreciation

Since it is normal that the human beings like to be appreciated, a democratic administrator should appreciate good work and good output.

13.   Principle of evaluation

Success or failure of a program must be assessed so that changes in future policy and program can be incorporated.

14.   Principle of research

For the maintenance of standards, it is necessary to make provisions for research and follow a number of techniques, procedures and practices of research.

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Elements of Administration

Ideas about administration of different scholars are near about the same nature. Some elements of administration are:

Planning

Planning is the base of management. It helps to set methods, powers, division of work, recruitment of staff etc. the remaining elements are bounded by planning. During planning first step is decision making and afterwards setting of objectives. The later stage is determination of policies and their application according to rules and regulation. The other stage is to determine resources and form a strategy to attain them. Planning roots out confusion and determine objective very clearly.  It lessens the cost, make easy to control. Planning lays stress on two dimensions, one instructional plan, second non-instructional plan, former deals with reaching and later deals with infrastructure and physical facilities.

Organizing

Organization means a system and culture of people by whom attainment of objects make possible. When two are more people meet together for specific purpose, it lays the foundation of an organization. System is the heart of organization and by its help the achievement of objectives makes possible.

It is an amalgamation of different activities. Every administrator is assigned a specific area under the system and he is responsible for it. He runs the state of affairs according to the assigned powers. Every staff member is assigned the related task so that any ambiguity can be removed. He explains the task in detail.

Organization includes certain facets i.e. responsibilities and powers of the head, unity of command, centralization or de-centralization, division of labor, setting of areas etc.  In school command is in the hands of head-teacher. He assigns duties according to subjects to all the teachers. He distributes different curricular and co-curricular activities among the staff. He also gives powers for the attainment of goals.

Staffing

After planning and establishing organization it is decided what type of people as staff will be recruited. In this way, their faculties. Technical skills, knowledge and experiences will be kept in view. After the recruitment, it is decided that what would be their salary, training, duty hours, promotion package and facilities. For this purpose, the right man for right job, principle is applied. In education department staff is recruited on district and provincial level that qualification and rules are devised by Government of Punjab. Schools on local basis can recruit ministerial staff.

Directing

Administrator plays a rile of a leader and issues commands. He takes counseling and guidance; he uses his potentials to last extent to lead for the attainment of objectives. This process is performed by a teacher in a classroom, head in a school and authorities on provincial and regional or division level. This streamlines the education system. This action is done by both verbal and written level. They also devise policies, constitute and amend education code, action plan, planning and directing kike as “standing order procedure” is the vital example. This term is used in army.

Reporting

At this stage an administrator uses the tools of inspection, supervision, research and data to evaluate the performance of his subordinates, attainment level of objectives and he conveys all these information to higher authorities. The reported information is also communicated to staff. Reporting is the history of an organization it shows input and output. It helps in assigning proper work to proper person. In school it seals with students, teachers, results and facilities, drop out, admission and syllabus.

Budgeting

All the aforesaid matters need ‘Resources’. We can establish organization with the help of resources, achieve objectives. Therefore, expenditures and income estimation is a pre-requisite. Without resource, organization formation cannot be materialized, and recruitment of staff possible. Hence in administrative elements budget is very essential. Budget is necessary to run a home, organization and a country. Budget has following kinds:

1. Annual budget
2. Supplementary budget
3. Development budget
4. Non-development budget
5. Special budget
6. Deficit budget
7. School budget

Advantages and objectives of budgeting

1. It helps to materialize plans
2. Control various activities
3. Determine objectives
4. Fix the standards of performance
5. Estimate about progress
6. Estimate of resources
7. Does not allow the deviation from planning
8. Balance between income and expenditure
9. Plans are completed within time frame
10. National policies are organized
11. Progress becomes balanced
12. Setting of priorities in the right direction
13. Provide economic security
14. Situation becomes clear, removes ambiguity
15. It generates strong and balanced polices for future.

School budget

The school budget is the estimate of the annual expenditure which enables smooth running of the institution. It includes the developmental as well as the non-developmental expenditure of the school.

Government provides resources to run the schools. But for the formation of whole country’s budget according to the needs, it takes budget estimate from every institution.

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School Inspection Reports

Aims of inspection

Some aims are settled by experts:

1. To improve the performance and development of organization.
2. Educational authority, school and local community coordination
3. The assessment of governmental policies, objectives, implication and their success
4. To improve educational quality
5. To evaluate school performance and suggest the solution of the problems
6. To improve professional skills of the teachers and provide them in-service training
7. To give the right direction to the resources and energies of school
8. To make the school quite up to the mark
9. To make communication with school administration and inspection team
10. To avoid any fault and mistake by means of accountability
11. To help for maintenance of best moral and educational environment
12. To ensure the right use of public and private
13. To provide future guidance by examining their educational conditions
14. To improve curricular and co-curricular activities
15. To create harmony among students, teachers and head-teacher.

Functions of inspection

1. To learn that is school working according to national inspiration?
2. Has the school a link with inspection officers and other institutions?
3. Is the school conscious about the matters which are to be inspected?
4. Are the suitable people preparing for different levels?
5. To inspect the teaching work either right way of teaching is being adopted or not?
6. Is the time table adequate for completion of the syllabus in time?
7. Are the teacher’s teaching and non-teaching activities according to rules and regulation?
8. Are the student’s activities according to educational standards?
9. Are the co-curricular activities hold and how much they are sufficient for the students?
10. Is school environment suitable for educational process?
11. Is the cleanliness and environment according to health needs?
12. Are the facilities of library, classrooms, play grounds and other facilities being provided to students?
13. Are the relationship of teachers and students suitable and cooperative in educational process?
14. Is the school record complete and entries of funds and expenditures are accurate and justified?
15. Are development works in school under process?
16. Os the school providing an environment in which student’s multi-dimensional growth possible?

To sum up, all the above details can be described as follows:

1. Supervision of instructional work
2. Supervision of co-curricular and curricular activities and programmed
3. Supervision of school environment
4. Supervision of school record
5. Supervision of developmental aspect
6. Supervision of public growth

Procedure of inspection

Generally, this method of inspection is adopted;

School visit

School visit can be done in three ways:

• To inspect after informing the head. It is called annual inspection or technical inspection.
• Surprise visit
• Visit after the invitation of the head of institution.

Teachers meeting and conference

In this method inspector takes a joint session of teachers and head of institution. He talks about the strength and a weakness objectively, gives opinion and form future plan with mutual interaction.

Issuing orders and circulars

• In normal conditions instructions, orders and circulars with different investigations and policies are issued to organizations.
• After inspection, inspector can issue a warning for the completion of some required tasks. He can bind the head by some orders to make compliance within a certain time period.

Demonstration of teaching

If an inspector feels that teaching is not carried out according to standards, he will make a demonstration and show how teaching can be done or will arrange some workshop with the help of some subject specialists.

Planned inner and outer school visit

When an inspector visits some organization, he takes with him some teachers of other school keeping in view the reputation of the inspected school. Thus, teachers can observe the discipline and administration of school and take counsel from them about their educational experiences. This sharing of knowledge is a learning process for institutional environment.

The other way is quite opposite to the above. Teachers of schools which have poor performance are accompanied the inspector to observe the well reputed institutions. In this way, they can learn with others’ experiences and make their own school better accordingly. It is also called indirect staff development.

Kind of inspection

• Democratic inspection
• Creative inspection
• Preventive inspection
• Dictatorial inspection
• Laissez fair inspection
• Surprise inspection
• Technical inspection

The points on which school is inspected

• Description of the school
• Overall effectiveness of the school
• Achievement and standards
• Personal development and well-being
• Quality of provision
• Teaching and learning
• Curriculum and other activities
• Care, guidance and support
• Leadership and management

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Types of Supervision

Kinds or styles of supervision are as follows:

Corrective supervision

It is an authoritarian concept. Supervisor finds out faults of the staff and threatens them on their weaknesses.

Supervision by Inspection

This type reflects authoritarian style of supervision. It checks that either teacher is performing his routine tasks or not. If he feels some negligence then he decides how to replace eligible people in their place or bring some appropriate changes.

Preventive Supervision

Supervisor’s behavior is realistic. The situation and the problems that he observes during inspection, he tries to make their solution within his powers.

Laissez fair supervision

Supervisor does not take any kind of interest in the routine matters. Teachers do their work according to their own will, and they share the powers of head-teacher. This happens when supervisor is weak having inferior mental capabilities.

Creative supervision

Supervisor evaluates teachers work according to his professional capabilities and instead of adopting negative behavior he tries to understand their problems and with the cooperation of teachers he finds the solution of the problem.

Scientific supervision

These types of supervision use scientific tools, data and methods and all means to improve the situation.

Democratic supervision

In this method staffs opinion is taken and makes efforts to solve their day to day problems.

Training Guidance Mentoring

In this method, supervisors himself demonstrate the methods as a role model rather compelling the teacher for better teaching method. Teachers try to learn from him due to his learning and experience. The role of supervisor in this method of supervision is like an elder brother, mentor, sister or a coach and leader.

What is to be checked?

First of all a supervisor divides the whole school business into two parts, educational and non-educational. After this division, he maintains a list of further possible matters and does his inspection according to this formation.

1.       Supervision of teaching matters

It includes the following

• Curriculum
• Syllabus
• Diaries
• Lesson planning
• Classroom management
• Classroom environment
• Governments policies
• Syllabus and its practical application
• Changes in examination system
• Discipline in organization
• Counseling
• Security management
• Teachers students behavior
• Teaching methods
• Presentation methods
• Supervision of teachers
• Ethics
• Mutual relations
• Problem of institutions.

1.       Non-Teaching Matters

It includes the following:

• Records of all kinds
• Planning Organization
• Staff profile or statement
• Budget
• Income/expenditure schedules and statements
• Facilities
• Resources Division of work
• Rules and regulation
• Community relations
• Library Laboratory
• Literary and co-curricular activities 

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What is Supervision

Supervision

Behind every successful school, there is an effective supervision programmed. “Supervision is the glue that holds successful school together processes by which some person or group of people are responsible for providing a link between individual teachers needs and organization goals so that individuals within the school can work in harmony toward their vision of what the school should be.

The relationship between a teacher and supervisor was not strong enough in near past. It was a horrible dream for a number of teachers but now it is changed. The more a supervisor is aware about the teaching process the more it would be convenient for him to communicate the teacher. For this purpose both should read the literature of different scholars of this field. It is very essential for teaching professional and social trainer to give them intellectual support. A supervisor should not always remain busy in administrative work. He must provide an effective and learning environment to teachers.

Definition of Supervision

Supervision is a word derived from the word superior and its other compound word is vision. After joining both words the literal meaning will be superior knowledge and power. A second term is also used as general supervision.

Such type of supervision ignores professional development. The purpose of supervision is not to control the teacher rather to take their cooperation and facilitate them to improve their teaching method. Supervisor plays a role of a supporter, helper but not a manager. The availability of facilities improves teachers performance. The objective of assessment evaluation is to analyze professional behavior. Evaluation is such a critical assessment, which a supervisor does by rising himself above the traditional behavior of supervision. When he takes decision, he keeps this fact in mind that how a teacher will perceive it and in which perspective. Supervision process is a contract between supervisor and a teacher. Both unanimously by making consensus can run this and can perform their responsibility.

Supervision is needed to set the educational institution on right direction and attain the set goals. In every field experts and well educated persons play the role of leaders and set the path towards future.

We observe the duties on the part of parents, government and society by the process of supervision. Supervision examines teaching processes and activities. All definitions indicate to educational process, services, action and betterment of education. Mostly, authorities do inspection to check the adequate level of educational skills. It means to lend a helping hand to teachers and students in their learning to, improve their professional skills, attainment of settled objectives, and assess the educational objectives according to curriculum. In other words, supervision is a suitable guidance of teachers, so that students can be prepared according to the future challenges. In learning process, supervision is usually carried out by headmaster, principals and related administrative officials.

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